Another of the endangered butterflies from my upcoming "Butterflies of the World - Volume 4" The Macedonian Grayling is found only in the Macedonian village of Pletvar and facing endangerment due to marble quarrying occurring in its habitat. It is the most threatened butterfly species in Europe, and active conservation efforts are vital for sustaining a healthy population size. The daily population size was estimated using capture-mark-recapture method in the most densely populated part of the Pletvar pass site at more than 650 individuals. Its habitat is scattered with white limestone rocks where it is very difficult to catch it due to its very pale underside, camouflaging in. Adults proved to be extremely sedentary, not moving far even within the continuous habitat on the same slope. These species are holometabolous. The larvae emerge in late July alongside other species like P. mniszechii tisiphone and P. anthelea amalthea. The larvae feed on grasses like Festuca Ovina and Dactylis glomerata. They undergo several molts before pupation, which occurs underground. The pupae are pale colored, but darken over time. After about a month, the adult emerges from pupa in late January. Adults primarily feed on nectar from flowers like Acantholimon and Centaurea. This butterfly also graces a North Macedonia postage stamp.